Where is the Garden of Eden? I watched a really interesting documentary, part of the Myth Hunters series found on Netflix, Youtube, and CafeMom. They noted that the garden story is so vague that it could be anywhere. The film notes that a Boston University president felt is was in North Pole, Mormons felt it was in Missouri, Columbus thought it was in Venezuela and others have claimed China. Does it even exist? Of all people, an atheist believes he may have found it!
Researcher Juris Zarins from Missouri State University noted that every civilization has had a creation story, and some of the stories pre-date the story told in Genesis. He wondered why so many cultures tell this story, and wondered if the Garden of Eden may have actually existed. He noted that the Bible story bears remarkable resemblances to the Epic of Gilgamesh. Some of the details are quite similar to the story of Adam and Eve. He felt the Bible stories were plagiarized by the Hebrews who heard these stories from the Sumerians who have an older creation story that is 8000 years old.
In the story of Gilgamesh, the King of Uruk was 2/3 god, and 1/3 man. He was not immortal, and wanted the secret of immortality. In the story, man was built from clay (dust of the earth?), and women were made from men. Given the Sumerians were a river culture, clay was an extremely useful material. The people lived forever, and there was no sickness. This place was called Dilmun, rather than Eden.
It was destroyed by a great flood, but Utnapishtim (rather than Noah) was saved from the flood. Gilgamesh sought Utnapishtim seeking immortality and eternal life. Gilgamesh was told that the secret of immortality was to eat from the plant of life. He finds the plan under water when a serpent (Satan?) takes it and rejuvenates itself. Immortality was just beyond human’s grasp.
There are other Sumerian tales found in the Bible, such as The Tower of Babel. Sumer is called Shinar in the Bible. Many of these early Bible stories bear remarkable resemblances to more ancient Sumerian tales. Zarins believes that the Bible is just a Hebrew version of the story of Gilgamesh, and believes that Eden is the same place as Dilmun. He also knows that the eastern shores of Arabia, near Bahrain was once a lush area, even though today it is a desert. It may have been a trading center like modern-day Hong Kong.
Zarins turns to the Bible and notes that the King James Version of Genesis 2 lists four rivers where Eden is located are highlighted below.
10 And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads.
11 The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
12 And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.
13 And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia.
14 And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.
Everyone knows where the Euphrates River is, and Hiddekel is translated Tigris in most other translations. Ethiopia may be a mistranslation. The word is actually Cush, and some other Bibles translate it as Sudan, but Zarins noted that Iran was also known as Cush. Geographically, Iran makes much more sense than either Sudan or Ethiopia. Ancient biblical scholars felt that the River Nile (which goes around the land of Cush) was one of the rivers, with perhaps the Ganesh River in India being the fourth. The problem was that these other rivers aren’t anywhere near the Tigris or Euphrates rivers. If one can find these two other rivers (Pison and Gihon), they’ll find Eden. Interestingly, only the Bible mentions these other two rivers.
Zarins turned to Satellite photos to try to find these other two rivers. In the 1980s, satellite photos were hard to come by, but Zarins lucked out. He noted a dry channel in Saudi Arabia. On the ground, it looks just like a bunch of sand dunes and hardly looks like a river. Zarins learned that this river had water as the Ice Age was ending. Around 5-6000 BC, the area would have been lush with vegetation.
The Persian Gulf didn’t exist in the Ice Age and was once dry land. During the Ice Age, the sea level was 200 feet deeper. Due to the runoff, the Gulf filled with water, and is just 120 feet deep at it’s deepest point. Zarins believes this river is the Pison, which flowed much further east near Basra.
Zarins believes the fourth major river comes out of Zagros Mountains in Iran, called Karun. It originally connected to the Tigrus and Euphrates rivers until it was dammed in the 1970s. The Garden of Eden is now under water in the Persian Gulf. 8000 years ago, the climate was different, monsoon rains covered whole peninsula with rain, lush, green, so Sumerians thought Dilmun was the birth of humanity. Zarins thinks that the Tree of Knowledge was actually a story of how farming started. The narrator says,
According to Zarins, the Garden of Eden was the home to pre-historic humans, hunter-gatherers who were able to survive purely from what they found growing naturally. But as the last Ice Age ended, the waters in the world’s oceans began to rise. Eventually this garden of paradise drowned in the flood. In its place today, we find the Persian Gulf.
…
The floods forced humans to move northward into the much harsher landscapes of Mesopotamia that we are familiar with today. There was no easy living here. If people wanted food, they had to grow it, they had to become farmers, and that meant using primitive technology to cultivate the land.
Zarins, “When people create inventions of some kind or another whether it’s taming nature or inventing metals or writing, you can never go back. You just can’t reverse technological progress, and so it began with this idea of agriculture being one of the first ideas of change.”
[Narrator], Zarins believes that the story of Eden was written as a lament of this extraordinary change, and the yearnings for the days of a simpler life. The advent of agriculture was not described as a great leap forward, but as a sin: Eve eating from the Tree of Knowledge.”
Zarins, “What happened was they fell! They fell from grace. What is that? What does that mean? It means that they transgressed against what God had provided, they knew better, and that’s what we call the origin of agriculture. You know how to manipulate things now. You know how to make plants grow. You know how to create animals and get natural selection.”
[Narrator], In 1987, the results of Zarins’ work were published in Smithsonian Magazine.
Research assistant, “Very satisfying to have that feeling that there’s an answer, there’s an explanation that is based in science as well as literature that you can put these two things together and tell a story that is very identifiable. Oh! This is not so far off the mark. This works. This makes more sense than just poof! Magic.”
Not everyone thinks Zarins work is correct. Some academics still think he has things wrong. Surprisingly, many churches have embraced his theories, and have invited him to speak to their congregations to discuss his findings, especially in Missouri.
What do you make of his theory? Do you think Eden is a myth? I find it funny that people still complain about advancing technology, wistfully thinking about the simpler times before phones, television, and progress. Do you think that fighting against knowledge and technology is as old as Eden?
Wheat & Tares 
Beautiful theory. I love the “agriculture as forbidden fruit” idea, which makes sense to me.
I think this is a really neat hypothesis. It also kinda works with the Cain and Abel story (which is a conflict that wouldn’t have happened if they were still hunter/gathering, but which could have happened when they started farming and shepherding.)
If one were to google ‘How Beer Saved the World’ one would find that there are some in archaeology/science who believe that the discovery of beer/brewing was a major contributor to the formation of ancient agrarian culture/civilization. If this is true, then of course your ‘agriculture as forbidden fruit’ theory makes even more sense to Mormons.
Dives to try to confirm this or find any kind of evidence and relics would be really neat.
Yes Andrew, I agree! I thought of the same thing when God thought Cain’s plant sacrifice wasn’t as good as Abel’s animal sacrifice. That was definitely a slam against agriculture.
The Epic of Gilgamesh, though it’s obviously not inspired SCRIPTURE, nevertheless not only correlates well with Genesis, it also illustrates that the Bible, or even the other Standard Works, cannot be expected to circumscribe ALL of our Savior’s dealings with his ‘brothers and sisters’, whether as the Jehovah (or Yahweh) of the Old Testament or Christ stating with the New Testament (John 21:25).
There’s ONE other little thing that’s been left out, though for purposes of your discussion about Gilgamesh, you likely felt it irrelevant if you consider it at all, Heretic. There has been some LDS teachings about the configuration of the land masses being different in ancient times, the specifics I don’t recall. Do recall that in Genesis 10:25, when reciting genealogy, the writer (assumed to be Moses), mentions a certain Peleg, “for in his days the EARTH WAS DIVIDED”. Okeeyyy…did that refer to a political division (doesn’t seem to actually line up with the Tower of Babel thing), or was it a literal divvying up of the hypothesized original land mass of Pangaea into the present continents? Seems that if literally the land was ‘torn asunder’, it’d have been a monstrous calamity on the order of if not greater than the Flood, and likewise well noted!
Even localized disasters can have great effect, as attested in III Nephi 8:8-14. Hence why Zarin’s supposition that the river Psion was in the present-day Persian Gulf merits further study as to antediluvian geography (e.g. Garden of Eden location). Of course, I suspect the Lord did ‘something’ with said Garden, as before the “Fall” (and will EVERYONE quit making our dear Mother Eve to be some sort of gullible bimbo? I’m sure in her intelligence and wisdom she was a perfect match for Adam, thank you) so that it couldn’t be found. Hey, with ‘free apples’ and the like, I’d have tried to get back in!
As for ‘recorded’ history ‘going back’ for 6000 years, though it does correlate with Archbishop Usher’s chronology, it should be reminded that absence of evidence does not of itself justify the conclusion of absence. Many things can happen to records (fires, earthquakes, vandalism, historical revisionism (done everytime the ‘ex that no one likes is excised from a family shoot), which can be ‘accidental’ (or poor preservation practices), or deliberate. For example, you can thank the good “Christian” Roman Emperor Theodosius I (“Megas”, meaning “Great”) for destroying the ‘pagan’ works of the library of Alexandria in 391 AD, which is ‘credited’ for wiping out a huge body of ancient history. Even modern efforts to preserve data have limits, as a CD or DVD will likely last in air no longer than 300 years. Great engineering efforts to preserve same (hermetic vacuum sealing) would be for naught if there aren’t any ISO 9660 compliant readers in the distant future. So it’s as much the great difficulty of preserving records from the depredations of man and nature as it’s any question of whether there IS history before, say, 4000 BC to have recorded in the first place.
I love this kind of analysis. Very interesting.
I know quite a few people who pulled up stakes and started over in Missouri, right outside of Adam-on-diamon. (? whateves) This kinda talk drives them crazy because they are sitting in the middle of Nowhere, Missouri, waiting for the second coming.
It is shocking how many Mormons have migrated to that area in the past 20 years.
I have never heard of this before – it’s amazing how much it mirrors the different creation myths that exist.
It’s always the last place you look!
The Exodus has always fascinated me. If the Persian Gulf was land in 6000 BC, I wonder if the Gulf of Suez or Gulf of Aqaba weren’t as deep in the time of Moses (~1400 BC) making a land crossing more likely than today’s conditions? In my old post Questions about the Exodus, there were some interesting explanations for Moses parting the Red Sea. IF it wasn’t as deep, that would make Moses’s miracle less difficult.
#8 – it’d be sad if someone disrupted their lives, going to a new (but expected, likely in vain) brief sojourn in ‘mighty’ MO to await the Second Coming. History is replete with the abject failures of so-called ‘prophecy’.
I don’t hear much about “going back to Missouri”, or the original Zion, as I did when I first joined the Church. Not that there’s anything wrong with the area. I have a son who worked for awhile in downstate Illinois and now lives and works in Iowa. He does tell me, however, that judging by the mannerisms of his fellow Iowans, that one would rise from their number out of the prairie to famously work in Outer Space in the 23rd century (though the franchise reboot has him born in space in the wake of a pitched battle) does seem incredulous.
#11 – a humorous cartoon depicts Moses’ response to the gripes of one of his fellow Hebrews as they crossed the “Red” (or REED) Sea…
“Of course it’s muddy underfoot! Picky, Picky, Picky…”
Adam-ondi-Ahman isn’t the Garden of Eden.
Andrew:
“It also kinda works with the Cain and Abel story (which is a conflict that wouldn’t have happened if they were still hunter/gathering, but which could have happened when they started farming and shepherding.)”
That conflict wouldn’t have happened, at least as murder, if there weren’t a God.
MH:
What do you make of his theory?
I’ll wait for God to show up there.
Do you think Eden is a myth?
I see God there. So, no, I don’t see a myth.
I find it funny that people still complain about advancing technology, wistfully thinking about the simpler times before phones, television, and progress.
I agree, but that’s the way it goes.
Do you think that fighting against knowledge and technology is as old as Eden?
Well, Noah new how to build a ship after God showed him how. How much did Adam know about that? Would he have complained? I don’t know. I suppose you are right.
Zarins is right about the Sumerian EDIN being behind Genesis’ EDEN. Edin is “uncultivated desert wilderness” through which flows two Sumerian rivers (1) the Euphrates and the (2) Id-Iglat (biblical Hiddekel). Sumerian myths explain man was created to be a gardening slave. The gods had created for themselves to live in, cities, in the EDIN, and watered their gardens with irrigation systems. The work was back-breaking, hoeing canals, removing constantly clogging sediments, so man was created to do this work. Man will plant seed, remove weeds, harvest crops, and present the garden produce to the gods to eat at the temples. The gods would never remove man from their gardens in the EDIN because the gods would have to care for their gardens again and again endure hard work in order to have food to eat. The gods have bodies of flesh in the early myths and can die of starvation if having nothing to eat. Man is shown in Sumerian art as working in the city-gardens of EDIN in a naked state, like Adam. Man protests the back-breaking work in EDIN”S gardens and his clamor is constant, day and night, for hundreds of years, not allowing the gods to rest by day nor sleep by night. The solution is send a flood to destroy all of mankind. With the silence the gods will be able to rest by day and sleep by night. Enlil of Nippur wants all of humankind destroyed. He is upset to learn some have survived the flood by building a boat. He learns that the god Ea of Eridu has broken his word to be silent, and Ea has warned a man to build a boat and save the seed of man and animals for a post flood restoration of life. The gods accuse Enlil of over-reacting and a contrite Enlil accepts their condemnation. He agrees to never send another flood. Why? During the 7 day flood no food was presented for the gods to eat fom EDIN’s gardens by man. The gods had grown hungry. They realized they needed man to care for their gardens of EDIN, and feed them the produce. Why man’s clamor? Man’s clamor was his objecting to the hardwork in EDIN’S gardens and having no rest from agricultural toil, night or day. The flood gave man his rest on the 7th day, the Rest that accompanies Death, “REST IN PEACE,” on tombstones. So, on the 7th day of the flood all the gods rested, and so did man. The Hebrews objected to this Mesopotamian explanation of how all the gods of EDIN rested on a seventh day. Instead of rest being achieved through the DESTRUCTION of the earth in flood waters, the Hebrews had a god resting after CREATING the earth. I cover all this in my TWO books published in 2010, available at Amazon. com, (1)The Garden of Eden Myth: Its Pre-biblical Origin in Mesopotamian Myths and (2) Eden’s Serpent: Its Origin in Mesopotamian Myth.
Mormon Heretic expressed an interest in the parting of the Red Sea, and having noted that Professor Zarins thought the Persain Gulf was a recent creation, that Eden was under this Gulf. My own research understands that many are not aware that the Hebrew word yam suph can be translated several ways. Suph can mean terminate or end, or reed. Yam can mean a sea or a shallow lake, as in the Dead Sea and Sea of Galilee being lakes actually. The bible suggests a three day journey has brought Israel from Ramesses in Egypt to the RED SEA and its parting. Day one: Ramesses to Succoth. Day two: Succoth to Etham. Day Three: Turn back from Etham and camp at the Red Sea (and Pi-ha-hiroth, and Migdol). The average daily rate of travel on foot in antiquity was about 12 to 24 miles a day, depending on terrain, and if using camels or donkeys, and if driving herds of sheep, goats and cattle. That would place the Red Sea crossing at between 36 to 72 miles east of Ramesses in Egypt. Today Ramesses is identified with Qantir in the eastern delta. Draw a line east of this site and we are at today’s El Qantara on the Suez Canal. Before the canal was built in the 1860’s there was a small inlet here joining lake Ballah to lake Menzalleh. The NIle empties into lake Menzalleh, filling it with reeds and rshes and marsh grasses. the maps of the 1840’s-1850s show Menzalleh’s depth to be only 4 feet, but this rises to 7 fet when the Nile floods each year. This flood water reaches lake Ballah via the inlet between the two lakes. The Egyptian chariots on their way to Syria, crossed this inlet, to bring back slaves to work in Egypt. The chariots could cross this inlet ford at low water (4 feet) but at high water (7 feet) they could not cross. In January of 1882 a powerful east wind arose at the Suez Canal at Port Said, it lblew all day and all night like Moses’wind and in the morning, the whole east side of lake Menzalleh had been blown away for as far as the eye could see. Boats in 4 ft. of water at Port Said were now on the muddy bottom the the shallow lake. This phenonemon is called wind set-down and it works only on large shallow bodeis of water like lakes or bays or estuaries. For me, this is Moses’ Red Sea, which was parted by an east wind. The gulfs of Suez and Aqaba are too deep to be parted by wind-set down (over 100 feet deep). Both Menzaleh and Ballah are full of reeds and marsh grasses, and qualify for Reed Sea, an alternate translation of Red Sea or Yam Suph. This chariot road was called by the Egyptians the Way of Horus, the Bible called it the way of the Philistines, for ended at Gaza, a Philistine city. Having crossed the Red SEa at El Qantara, Israel marched 3 days through the wilderness of Shur/Etham to Marah and it bitter waters, todays’ Two Bitter Lakes Arabic Bayarat Marrat. Thence to Elim’s 12 springs and 70 palmtrees, todays Ayun Musa and its 12 artesian springs and palmtrees. Then camp again at Yam Suph, prehaps wadi Gharandal. Still later Yam Suph at Ezion Geber (the Gulf of Aqaba). That is to say I am in agreement with Egyptologist Kenneth A. Kitchen that there are _THREE _YAM SUPHS Israel camped at in the Exodus.
Zarins while right in asuming Sumerian EDIN was recast as Genesis’ EDEN, erred in thinking it was Sumerian Dilmun, a land east of ancient Sumer. His error was that he was not familiar with the details of the myths. The Sumerian myths have man being created in the EDIN, in different locations. How so? In one myth man is created at the Sumerian city of Nibiru (Babylonian Nippur) by the god Enlil. Another myth has man being created by the god Enki at the city of Eridug, in Sumer’s Edin. Yet another myth has man being created at Babylon for the god Marduk. Yet another myth has man being created in the EDIN wilderness instead of in a city, his name is Enkidu, he becomes the companion of Gilgamesh of the city of Uruk. NO MYTH has man created in Dilmun! My research understands that man was created in multiple locations within the EDIN according to myth, by different gods. The gods of EDIN were recast as one god, Yahweh-Elohim of Eden. The Hebrews have taken polytheistic beliefs and made monothesim of them. Who is Adam? In the Mesopotamian myths he is (1) Enkidu of the Epic of Gilgamesh, (2) Adapa of the Adapa and Southwind myth; Who is Eve? Eve is Shamhat of the Epic of Gilgamesh who seduces Enkidu, a wild naked hairy man of EDIN who’s companions are wild antelope and bulls. She supplants them with herself and convinces EDIN”S NAKED MAN to accept her as his new companion and to leave EDIN clothed to live at URUK and become Gilgamesh’s friend. Who is Cain? Gilgamesh is Cain, he is famed for building Uruk’s walls. In Sumerian URUK is UNUG, biblical ENOCH. After Enkidu’s death Gilgamesh wanders the EDIN in fear of dying, seeking immortality, (Enkidu’s death being recast as the death of Abel). The land of Nod is the EDIN. The location where Adam is told not to eat he will die, in Mesopotamian myth is Eridu, and the warning is given Adapa (Adam) by his god Enki/Ea (Yahweh). Eden’s serpent is the Sumerian gods Enki, Dumuzid, Ningishzida and An, all of whom bore the Sumerian epithet ushumgal, “great serpent dragon,” a dragon-like body, four legs, two horns, two wings, with a poisonous bite. That is to say EDIN”S SERPENT_DRAGON is man’s creator! But the Christians turned him into Satan, the enemy of man.
Not researched by scholars is what did the ancient Mesopotamians have to say about the origin of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers? The Bible says their origin is in a singke stream that arises in Eden. This stream then splits into four streams, the Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon. The Mesopotamian accounts make no mention of the Pishon and Gihon, only the Tigris and Euphrates. Here’s what I discovered: In Babylonian myths we are informed that in the beginning there are two sets of gods living on the earth in a location called EDIN. The junior gods are tasked with digging out the river beds for the Tigris and Euphrates near the city of Eridu. Then the god of ERidu, EA/Enki, appears an masturbates, his ejaculate then fills the empty hoe-dug river beds of the Tigris and Euphrates at Eridu. EA in Babylonian translates as “HOUSE OF WATER/SPERM” and EA is shown on cylinder seals as two rivers cascading from his body (shoulders) with fish in them. Scholars understand these are the Tigris and Euphrates erupting from his body, hence why he is called EA, “House of Water.” In other myths EA lives in an underground mythical spring called the Abzu or Apsu, from which water erupts to fill the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Another myth has Marduk the god of Babylon slayong his ancestreess, Tiamat, a water-dragon of Eridu. From her carcass he creates the heaven and earth. He pierces her two eyes and these become the source of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Thus, Mesopotamian myths idntify the single watery source of stream that subdivides and becomes the Tigris and Euphrates as either EA’s piss or Tiamat’s eyes, and both EA and Tiamat are identified as living at Eridu. Hence the single stream that subdivided in to the Tigris and Euphrates was at Eridu, 12 miles southwest of ancient Ur of the Chaldees were lived Abraham. Not many are aware that the single stream the arose in Eden and subdivided was EA’s piss at Eridu, in the god dug dry river beds of that location, NOT the mountains of Armenia where tributaries there form these two rivers.