Here are a couple of religious mysteries to think through.

Mystery No. 1: How Jesus’s Judaism Became Paul’s Christianity. Jesus was a Jew who preached a reformed version of Judaism in Aramaic, the language of the common folk in Galilee and Judea. He directed followers to keep the Torah and to worship Yahweh or Jehovah, the Jewish God of the Hebrew Bible. He did his work in the small villages of Galilee, and when he made it to the big city (Jerusalem), he was appalled at the temple Judaism practiced by the religious leaders and created quite a stir at the temple.

Then came Paul. The Gentile churches he planted and, even more, the doctrines and beliefs laid out in his letters transformed the reformed Judaism of Jesus into something new: Christianity, the worship of Jesus, in which the crucifixion of Jesus became an expiatory sacrifice for sin (all of it, all sins, everybody’s sins). Paul’s Christianity spoke Greek, used the Greek Septuagint version of the Hebrew Bible, and targeted cities of the Roman Empire, not villages in the countryside. Within a couple of centuries, the reformed Judaism of Jesus was all but forgotten and the Christianity of Paul was poised to take over the Roman world. Christian churches don’t emphasize or even acknowledge the significant differences between Jesus and Paul, but the deeper you dig, the more glaring the differences become. It is fair to say that in the 21st century, there aren’t any Jesus Christians, only Pauline Christians.

Mystery No. 2: How Mormonism Changed Over Two Centuries. What’s the analog for Mormonism? I suppose you could talk about the strange arc of polygamy. The Church went from monogamy (the original doctrine, by default) to secret plural marriage practiced by Joseph and a few close associates, to publicly acknowledged plural marriage practiced more widely under Brigham Young and John Taylor, to the current doctrine of “polygamy only in heaven, and we don’t want to talk about it.” But I don’t really want to talk about polygamy today.

What about the shift from political pariah status in the 19th century to being super patriots in the 21st? The Church’s questionable political loyalty and apparent unwillingness to obey the law delayed statehood for Utah until 1896. Two years later, B. H. Roberts was elected to Congress, but the House refused to seat him because he was a polygamist. Yet within a generation or two American Mormons had become highly patriotic, devoted to the United States government and Constitution. They remain so to this day. There were two changes, really. First, the US federal government came to regard the Church as no longer a threat. This was due in part to strong LDS support for the US military and willing service in the Spanish-American War (1898) and subsequently WW1 and WW2. It was also due to Utah and the Church adopting the national two-party system. Then there was the LDS internal shift away from thinking about the US national government as the enemy. Both the Church and the government buried the hatchet, so to speak.

I don’t know that these two transformations are as jarring as what I noted above for early Christianity. LDS leaders constantly preach and emphasize continuity, not change or development over time. “The same, yesterday, today, and forever” is the mantra, not “we change with the times” or even “the same, but different.”

What about at the local, congregational level? How different does LDS Church on Sunday feel now as compared to fifty years ago? We now sing Primary songs in sacrament meeting, there are no local Seventies anymore, and church on Sunday is only two hours. But the sacrament ritual itself and the prayer-song-talk-song-talk-song-prayer format for the meeting is largely unchanged. To me, it feels more like “the same, but different” rather than radical change.

So there have certainly been significant changes in the LDS Church. I noted two or three. Any other candidates? How many small changes have to happen before it adds up to significant or radical change?