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Last week, I posted about the “Dignity Index,” which is a way to raise awareness about whether we are respecting the basic humanity of the person on the other side of the discussion. A few months ago, I listened to Utah Governor Spencer Cox talk about another way to discuss difficult topics, with a system of ideas he called “Disagree Better.” If I had to simplify both ideas down to one sentence, it would be that we should listen respectfully to people we disagree with. 

It’s a fine idea on one level. But it assumes that all ideas are worth listening to. And they aren’t. Lies and hate-mongering should not be listened to with respect. They should not be given a platform at all. 

Living in a shared community requires a shared reality. A lot of life is reacting to what’s inside our own head — fears, hopes, opinions, desires. If you’ve ever lived with someone who has lost touch with reality through mental illness, or been the mentally ill one yourself, you know how disorienting it is to not agree on what’s real with someone. Someone who is seeing threats that aren’t there; someone who is convinced others are out to hurt them; someone who believes they are worth nothing; someone who refuses to accept a reality that is right before their eyes.

If we don’t even agree on a reality, how can we possibly make decisions together? We may even have core values in common, such as wanting to support families and have a strong economy. But values cannot be translated into action until they’ve filtered through reality. 

“Wo unto the liar, for he shall be thrust down to hell.” 2 Nephi 9:34. Among those who are condemned to the telestial kingdom are “whosoever loves and makes a lie.” (D&C 76:103).

There is a difference between a fact and an opinion. The liars and those who love lies pretend that the false facts they spew are actually opinions. There was no widespread voter fraud in the 2020 election; Trump lost. Anyone spreading the Big Lie is not speaking their opinion; they are telling a lie. The Covid vaccine was a triumph of modern science and effective. Anyone spreading around vaccine disinformation is lying, not speaking an opinion.

And so I present a Reality Index to be considered alongside the Dignity Index. I’ve ranked these according to how much damage I think the speakers are doing to our shared reality.

Level One. Deliberate liars who do it for money or power. These people know they’re lying. Fox News had to pay Dominion Voting Systems $787 million dollars because Fox News KNEW that Trump lost the election and yet continued to lie. JD Vance KNOWS that Haitian immigrants are not eating peoples’ pets but his political power depends on stirring up feelings against immigrants. Alex Jones KNEW that kids really died at Sandy Hook.

I don’t believe there is much good in engaging directly with deliberate liars. We have to speak out against them, so that those listening to the lies hear the truth. But deliberate liars are not going to change their conduct.

Level Two. Dementia and some forms of mental illness. Trump is rapidly sliding into this category. Some people honestly can’t distinguish between truth and reality.

This group is hugely challenging. There are some personality disorders that genuinely make people unable to see reality. Instead, everything is skewed and there’s really no way to straighten it out. 

No one chooses to develop dementia or mental illness, but they can do damage and so we have to call out the false statements.

Level Three. Conspiracy theorists. These folks love the emotional high of knowing secrets. It makes life exciting to think they’re one of the few who see what’s really going on. It’s hard to engage with conspiracy theorists. Life would be boring if they had to come back to reality. It’s more exciting for them to believe the crazy stuff and that makes them hard to reach.

The best option for communicating with a conspiracy theorist is to not engage with the conspiracies, but to bring them back to reality by focusing on the people they love and the things they enjoy.

Level Four. Bigots. Some people like hating groups of people. If they can blame all the world’s ills on a group of people, they don’t have to do any hard work to genuinely make the world a better place. Bigotry is built on lies. No, one group of people is not responsible for how your life is going.

Call out the hypocrisies and self-interest of this group. They use a lot of generalities that make their arguments weak. Bigots have the capacity to grow and change when they broaden their life experience.

Level Five. Sycophants. These people don’t care whether their beliefs are true or not. They ingratiate themselves by automatically believing anything said by their favorite people and spread it around. The people threatening meteorologists for reporting on weather catastrophes might be in this group.

The first step in engaging with this group is to find out if they can understand the difference between a fact and an opinion.

Level Six. Exaggerating for attention. My examples here should be influencers and people who are social media famous, but I’m not on social media (except tumblr, and no one is influential on tumblr). But I do remember James Frey. He wrote a memoir called, “A Million Tiny Little Pieces” about drug addiction and recovery. It later came out that he exaggerated and falsified his story to make it more dramatic. An example in the LDS community is Paul H. Dunn, who falsified personal anecdotes to give them greater emotional impact.  

This level of dishonesty doesn’t influence public policy or stir up anger or hatred against groups of people, so it causes less harm than the previous levels.

Level Seven. People who mean well, but lack critical thinking skills. Some people believe lies because their friends all believe the lies and they want to be part of the group. I put most people deceived by vaccine misinformation in this category. 

Calm discussion and pointing out a few facts can sometimes help the people in this group spot manipulation.

Level Eight. Inaccuracies. An inaccuracy doesn’t affect our shared reality much. These are the ones who are two percentage points off in quoting a statistic, or they get a date wrong. These are easily corrected, and the speaker apologizes and does not have a pattern of lying.

Level Nine. Critical thinkers. These people check several sources to verify information. They know how to spot bias in reporting. They avoid exaggeration and focus on specifics. These people don’t speak in superlatives. They make an effort to be accurate and to provide sources for factual claims. They can change their minds and are willing to learn and be educated.

This one is the goal.

Level Ten. The fact-checkers. These are the people or groups who have built their reputation on telling the truth. When they make an erroneous statement, they correct it. They have integrity and place high value on the fact that they are trusted. They take steps to protect their reputation for honesty by being transparent and candid about their sources and their methods for verifying facts.


That’s my effort to differentiate between levels of unreality and alternative facts. These are also known as lies. Again, working together as a community and a country requires a shared reality. The division in our country can’t be healed by more civility in discussions. Healing will require a return to a shared reality, a connection to facts, and thorough debunking of divisive lies.

You all know my political affiliation (Democrat). I know there will be some “both sidesism” in the comments. But I’ve got to point out that the gateway to being an influential Republican is to be a Level One liar. Any Republican who admits Trump lost in 2020 gets sidelined and then defeated in the next election. I know there are a lot of Republicans who see the dangers of Trump and Trumpism and I look forward to this group of Republicans regaining control of their political party. Please, keep fighting the good fight.

There’s a reason the dialogue has gotten so uncivil. There’s no way to speak politely and rationally with someone who is twisting reality into lies.

Questions:

  1. Yeah, probably going to be some disagreement in the comments. Keep it above Level Three on the Dignity Index please.
  2. What do you do for reality checks?
  3. What sources do you trust?

Edited to add one more category:

Level Undefinable. Reality is unknowable and facts can be defeated by vibes. Ignore the real world and base your opinions on word salad. No one is better than anyone else; to reject all is to rise above all.